In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) and tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood parameters, SEX DIFFERENTIATION and hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined and compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens and 25 roosters (47 wk.) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diet+ 2 and 4 percent of GP, and 4 and 5) basal diet + 2 and 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens and 20 roosters were randomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet and 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum and 4 and 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 and 0.3 ml of garlic and tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic and tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits and blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males and females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic and tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

Reproduction in domestic animals, as a major source of food and other products for human, as great importance and study of related subjects including SEX DIFFERENTIATION and gonadogenesis during fetal life can solve many questions on normal development and various disorders of urogenital system. Since studies on SEX DIFFERENTIATION in goat fetus are scarce, this study was performed. Twenty-five goat fetuses with 5–40 mm crown-rump lengths (CRL) were obtained from slaughter-house and fixed in 10% formalin solution immediately. The development and features of external genitalia of these fetuses as well as their SEX DIFFERENTIATION were then examined. In externally indifferentiated fetuses, the cranial half of the body was cut away at the diaphragmatic level and serial sections, 6-micron thickwere prepared and the ovarian and testicular DIFFERENTIATION was studied. Results showed that considering the development of the external genitalia, external SEX DIFFERENTIATION occurs at 31 mm CRL in male fetuses and at 33 mm CRL in female fetuses. Microscopic studies suggested that testicular tissue DIFFERENTIATION occurs at 23 mm CRL with formation of tunica albuginea and medullary cords. Ovarian tissue DIFFERENTIATION occurs at 38 mm CRL with establishment of cortical and medullary regions.  

SEX control is one of the most important factors in the commercialization and efficient proliferation of fish species which affects reproduction, growth and product quality. A balanced SEX ratio is more important for broodstock management, as it helps to develop a suitable breeding program. However, the production of monoSEX populations is desirable in some species because the existence of SEXual dimorphism can make one SEX more valuable due to the effect on growth or first time of SEXual maturation, even in color or shape. SEX in fish is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Unlike mammals and birds, with highly conserved major genes through a specific genetic network responsible for gonad DIFFERENTIATION, various SEX determination mechanisms have been reported in fish. Currently, six different major genes (dmY, gsdf, amhy, amhr2, sdY and sox3) reported to be involved in fish SEX determination. The most common environmental factor is temperature, which affects the regulation of the expression of genes involved in gonad development. The aim of this paper was to review the genetic and environmental factors affecting fish SEX along with the application of SEX control in commercial species.

In this study, self-DIFFERENTIATION of women in different SEX role such as androgyny, male and female is compared and the importance of SEX role to attain high level of self-DIFFERENTIATION and to help develop family culture is analysed. The method of this study is comparative.so, for analisis of data multi-variabl variance (Manova) and Scheffe post hoc test are used. Statistical society includes all women married students in state universities of Tehran.200womem married students, according to Multi- stage cluster method, are choosen to answer this questionnaire. The instruments of this study include Bem's SEX role (BSRI) and Skowron's self-DIFFERENTIATION questionnaires. The result of this study shows that self-DIFFERENTIATION and its aspects is different in female, male and androgyny SEX roles. This means that self_differentaition of women have androgyny SEX role is more than other SEX roles, but by contrast, its rate in the female SEX role is less than the other SEX roles.

Objective: to investigate the effects of administrations of aromatase inhibitor and anti-estrogens on SEX DIFFERENTIATION.Material and Methods: Eggs were divided into five groups of 60, one control group receiving distilled water and four test groups. All groups were placed inside the incubator. Injection of anti-aromatases was performed in fifth day of incubation. First test group received 1mg/egg aromatase inhibitor (AI), second test group received 1mg/egg Tamoxifen, third test group received 1 mg/egg Clomiphene and forth test group received 1mg/egg GAR79 respectively. Chickens were determined after hatching on first day using Feather SEXing method. Redetermination was performed after 45 days for more insurance. In this study 14-a-hydroxy 3,6,17, androstantrion inhibitors with dose of 1 mg/egg were injected.Results: Administration of anti-aromatases into the eggs during incubation period causes production of male fetus about %72 to %84 that in comparison with control group (%52.5 male) showed an increase of %20 to %34 (P³0.05). The SEX reversed females have bilateral testes with ability of complete spermatogenesis and also the physical appearance and behavior of normal males.Conclusion: Results showed the significant role of aromatase in SEX DIFFERENTIATION. Moreover, results showed GAR79 as an anti-aromatase could affect aromatase activity in SEX DIFFERENTIATION.

Survival of the animal generation is stable on the basis of reproductive organs development. In male, the testis in addition to stabilization of natural function and development of male accessory reproductive organs, undertake formation of SEXual cells (sperm). Therefore, it is important to attend to development process and quality of formation this organ in during embryological period. For determination of macroscopic age by stereomicroscope and study of tissue structure and formation time of primitive testis in the goat fetus, 36 fetuses with CRL 20 to 32 mm were collected from slaughterhouse and fixed in 10% buin's solution. Then, tissue sections were prepared by routine method and stained by H&E, PAS, Van-Gieson and Trichrome massons. The macroscopic results showed that SEXual DIFFERENTIATION of goat fetus occurred in 38/6 day and microscopic SEXual DIFFERENTIATION occurred in 36/4 day.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of 17b-estradiol valerat on gonadal SEX DIFFERENTIATION of the rainbow trout in the absorption of yolk-sac stage and the relationship between the immersion period and SEX reversal percentage.To this end, 6 days after the hatching of larvae, 750 sac fry larvae were divided equally into 5 treatments. The investigation was performed in one stage and during different times in a bath containing 400 mg/lit of 17b-estradiol valerat using the immersion method. The treatments were exposed to this hormone for different lengths of time: treatment 1 for 1 hour, treatment 2 for 2 hours, treatment 3 for 4 hours and treatment 4 for 8 hours. Treatment 5 was used as the control group. After using the hormone, the larvae were fed and protected to reach a suitable size and the growth of SEX gonads for 4 months. After this stage, the fish in different treatments were examined for their SEXes in a direct method. The results indicated that 40.40 percent of the fish in treatment 1, 41.5 percent in treatment 2, 54.3 percent in treatment 3, and 59.5 percent in treatment 4 were females. Comparing the results with the SEX ratio in the control group -- that included 35 percent female fish and 65 percent male fish -- showed that immersing sac fry larvae in the bath containing 17b-estradiol valerat hormone could lead to SEX reversal in this group of fish. But the hormone-treated groups didn't show a significant difference in mean weight and length as compared with the control group of the fish (p>0.05).